Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients

Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Authors

  • Fizza Hussain Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • Momina Shabbir Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • Salma Bunyad Department of Physical Therapy, Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Feryal Arshad Department of Physical Therapy, Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Kashif Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • Jaweria Siddique Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i05.241

Keywords:

Diabetic foot ulcers, Diabetes Mellitus, Neuropathy, Risk factor, Type-II diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus, a complex disease, chronic in nature; requires uninterrupted care to reduce various risk factors beyond glycemic control. Objective: To find out prevalence of foot ulcers among diabetic patients and identification of risk factors that can lead to the development of ulcers among diabetic patients attending the tertiary care centers of Faisalabad. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted on 500 diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinics. Subjects were identified using non-probable convenient sampling and data was collected by using structured questionnaire. Associated risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers were all assessed. Using SPSS version 23.0 for windows software, data were managed and analyzed. Results: There were n=239 males and n=261 females. Most of the patients were in the age group of 61-70. Major population belonged to middle socio-economic status (46.2%). Diabetic foot ulcer prevalence was 10.4%. There was significant association between ulcer and age (p=.036), gender (p<.001), lifestyle of patient (p=.003), BMI of Patient (p=.001), smoking habits (p<.001), duration of diabetes (p<.001), and family history of diabetes (p<.001). Conclusions: The study concluded that 10.4% of diabetic patients had foot ulcers. Diabetic foot ulceration was significantly related with male gender. It is thus recommended that diabetic care providers can reduce the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers by increasing understanding of the disease and foot care examination among those having sensory loss.

 

References

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jan; 37 Suppl 1:S14-80. doi: 10.2337/dc14-S014

Claxton K, Martin S, Soares M, Rice N, Spackman E, Hinde S, et al. Methods for the estimation of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cost-effectiveness threshold. Health Technology Assessment. 2015 Feb; 19(14):1-503, v-vi. doi: 10.3310/hta19140

Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Blumberg SJ. Estimated Prevalence of Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Following Questionnaire Changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. National Health Statistics Reports. 2015 Nov; (87):1-20

Consultation W. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva. WHO, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance, Geneva. 1999.

Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. 2015; 33.

Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2010 Jan; 87(1):4-14. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care at diabetes camps. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jan; 30 Suppl 1:S74-6. doi: 10.2337/dc07-S074

Mariam TG, Alemayehu A, Tesfaye E, Mequannt W, Temesgen K, Yetwale F, et al. Prevalence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Associated Factors among Adult Diabetic Patients Who Attend the Diabetic Follow-Up Clinic at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2016: Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017; 2017:2879249. doi: 10.1155/2017/2879249

Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, Frykberg RG, Hellman R, Kirkman MS, et al. Task Force of the Foot Care Interest Group of the American Diabetes Association. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment. Endocrine Practice. 2008 Aug; 14(5):576-83. doi: 10.4158/EP.14.5.576

Frykberg RG. Diabetic foot ulcers: current concepts. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 1998 Oct; 37(5):440-6. doi: 10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80055-0

Shobhana R, Rao PR, Lavanya A, Vijay V, Ramachandran A. Cost burden to diabetic patients with foot complications--a study from southern India. Journal of the Associations of Physicians India. 2000 Dec; 48(12):1147-50

Apelqvist J, Bakker K, van Houtum WH, Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Schaper NC. International consensus and practical guidelines on the management and the prevention of the diabetic foot. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2000 Oct; 16 Suppl 1:S84-92.

Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, del Aguila M, Smith DG, Lavery LA, et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan; 22(1):157-62. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.1.157

Price P. The diabetic foot: quality of life. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004 Aug; 39(Supplement_2):S129-31. doi: 10.1086/383274

Walters DP, Gatling W, Mullee MA, Hill RD. The distribution and severity of diabetic foot disease: a community study with comparison to a non-diabetic group. Diabetic Medicine. 1992 May; 9(4):354-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01796.x

Ulbrecht JS, Cavanagh PR, Caputo GM. Foot problems in diabetes: an overview. Clinical Infectioud Diseases. 2004 Aug; 39 Suppl 2:S73-82. doi: 10.1086/383266

Edelson GW, Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Caicco G. The acutely infected diabetic foot is not adequately evaluated in an inpatient setting. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1997 Jun; 87(6):260-5. doi: 10.7547/87507315-87-6-260

Bakri FG, Allan AH, Khader YS, Younes NA, Ajlouni KM. Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and its associated risk factors among diabetic patients in Jordan. Journal of Med Sciences. 2012 Apr; 46(2):118-25.

Iversen MM. An epidemiologic study of diabetes-related foot ulcers. Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Bergen, Norway. 2009.

Deribe B, Woldemichael K, Nemera G. Prevalence and factors influencing diabetic foot ulcer among diabetic patients attending Arbaminch Hospital, South Ethiopia. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2014; 5(1):1-7. doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000322

Khan AR, Al Abdul Lateef ZN, Fatima S, Al Yousuf SA, Khan Afghan SZ, Al Marghani S. Prevalence of chronic complication among type 2 diabetics attending primary health care centers of Al Ahsa district of Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional survey. Global Journal of Health Science. 2014 Apr; 6(4):245-53. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n4p245

Saad N, Elhadedy K, Ramadan N, Mohmady O, Farid M. The prevalence and risk categorization of diabetic foot complications in cohort group in, Beni Suif, Egypt. Life Science Journal. 2013; 3(10).

Shahi SK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Singh SK, Gupta SK, Singh TB. Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and associated risk factors in diabetic patients from North India. The journal of diabetic foot complications. 2012; 4(3):83-91.

Manda V, Sreedharan J, Muttappallymyalil J, Das R, Hisamatsu E. Foot ulcers and risk factors among diabetic patients visiting Surgery Department in a University Teaching Hospital in Ajman, UAE. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health. 2012; 2(3). doi: 10.5530/ijmedph.2.3.8

Chavan MS. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer at a tertiary care hospital among diabetic patients. International Journal of Advances in Medicine. 2018 Sep; 5(5): 1274-9.

Yazdanpanah L, Shahbazian H, Nazari I, Arti HR, Ahmadi F, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)-Two-Year Follow-Up Study. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2018 Mar; 2018:7631659. doi: 10.1155/2018/7631659

Downloads

Published

2022-10-31
CITATION
DOI: 10.54393/pjhs.v3i05.241
Published: 2022-10-31

How to Cite

Hussain, F. ., Shabbir, M. ., Bunyad, S. ., Arshad, F. ., Kashif, M. ., & Siddique, J. . (2022). Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients: Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 3(05), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i05.241

Issue

Section

Original Article

Plaudit

Most read articles by the same author(s)