Assessment of Risk Factors Causing Oral Cancer among Patients Visiting Dental OPD: Oral Cancer among Patients Visiting Dental OPD

Benish Chandio; Seerat Ul Urooj Bhutto; Muhammad Shahzad; Maya Madhuri; Muhammad Ali Panhwar; Amanullah Siddiqui; Rehmatullah Kandhro

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v5i12.2550

Authors

Benish Chandio Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Seerat Ul Urooj Bhutto Department of Oral Pathology, Muhammad Dental College, Ibn-E Sina University, Mirpurkhas, Pakistan
Muhammad Shahzad Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Maya Madhuri Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhammad Dental College, Ibn-E Sina University, Mirpurkhas, Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Panhwar Department of Community Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Amanullah Siddiqui Department of Oral Biology, Bhitai Dental and Medical College, Mirpurkhas, Pakistan
Rehmatullah Kandhro Department of Community Dentistry, Ibn-E Sina University, Mirpurkhas, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i12.2550

Keywords:

Risk Factors, Smokeless Tobacco Products, Smoking, Oral Cancer

Abstract

In Pakistan, oral cavity cancer incidence rates are increasing making it the most common cancer, numbered as the second cancer in the list of cancers among males as well as females. Oral cancer is diagnosed frequently and is one of the leading causes of death in Pakistan.Worldwide, oral cancer is 6th most common cancer; in developing countries like Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka incidence is very high. Objective: To examine the risk factors causing oral cancer among patients visiting the dental Out Patients Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science, Jamshoro/Hyderabad. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science, Jamshoro/Hyderabad over a six-month duration. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 26 employing Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: Male were mostly affected as compared to female (76%). The mean age of the patients was noted as 46.62 years. Buccal mucosa was the most common site affected (45.5%). Smokeless tobacco products and smoking have a significant association with oral cancer (p-value=0.000). Conclusions: It was concluded that smokeless products are used more frequently than smoking and have more risk of increasing the incidence of oral cancer. Among all participants, 115 patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma.

References

Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qing L et al. Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges of Exosomes in Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. International Journal of Nano-Medicine. 2022 Jun: 2679-705. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S365594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S365594

Sari EF, Johnson NW, McCullough MJ, Cirillo N. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study Undertaken in 5 Provinces. Scientific Reports. 2024 Mar; 14(1): 5232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54410-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54410-4

Warnakulasuriya S and Kerr AR. Oral Cancer Screening: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Dental Research. 2021 Nov; 100(12): 1313-20. doi: 10.1177/00220345211014795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345211014795

Xu W, Li C, Liu Q, Liu W, Wang X. A Scientometric Study of Oral Cancer Research in South and Southeast Asia with Emphasis On Risk Factors Control. Journal of Dental Sciences. 2024 Mar; 19(4): 2157-2162. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2024.03.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2024.03.014

Saglam G and Dag A. Evaluation of Oral Cancer Knowledge and Awareness among Patients at a Periodontology Clinic. Journal of Clinical Trials and Experimental Investigations. 2024 Mar; 3(1): 1-9. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10871099.

Bile KM, Shaikh JA, Afridi HU, Khan Y. Smokeless tobacco use in Pakistan and its association with oropharyngeal cancer. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2010; 16 (Supp.): 24-30. doi: 10.26719/2010.16.Supp.24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/2010.16.Supp.24

Rai P, Goh CE, Seah F, Islam I, Chia-Wei WW, Mcloughlin PM et al. Oral Cancer Awareness of Tertiary Education Students and General Public in Singapore. International Dental Journal. 2023 Oct; 73(5): 651-8. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.11.021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2022.11.021

Chou CW, Lin CR, Chung YT, Tang CS. Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Taiwan: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Study. Cancers. 2023 Apr; 15(7): 2175. doi: 10.3390/cancers15072175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15072175

Heller MA, Nyirjesy SC, Balsiger R, Talbot N, VanKoevering KK, Haring CT et al. Modifiable Risk Factors for Oral Cavity Cancer in Non-Smokers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Oral Oncology. 2023 Feb; 137: 106300. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106300

Uqaili AA, Shah R, ul Hussain A, Kumar N. Oral Cancer Awareness and Prevalence of Betel Nuts, Pan and Ghutka in School Children of Rural Areas of Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Medicine and Medicinal Sciences. 2014; 4(6): 178-82.

Singh V, Singh AK, Dutta KD, Kumar N, Kumari A. Evaluation of Quality of Life and the Nutritional Status of Oral Cancer Treated Patients as Compared with the Control Group in Varanasi District: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal. Community Medicine and Public Health. 2019 Nov; 6: 4804. doi: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195059

Thavarool SB, Muttath G, Nayanar S, Duraisamy K, Bhat P, Shringarpure K et al. Improved Survival among Oral Cancer Patients: Findings from a Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Cancer Centre In Rural Kerala, India. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2019 Dec; 17: 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12957-018-1550-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-018-1550-z

Bhosle P, Pathan H, Tapadiya G, Alam MI. Case Study On Oropharyngeal Cancer Prediction and Diagnosis and Management Based Upon Mri, Ct Scan Imaging Techniques. In Disruptive Developments in Biomedical Applications. 2022 Dec: 91-106. doi: 10.1201/9781003272694-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003272694-8

Rochefort J, Karagiannidis I, Baillou C, Belin L, Guillot-Delost M, Macedo R et al. Defining Biomarkers in Oral Cancer According to Smoking And Drinking Status. Frontiers in Oncology. 2023 Jan; 12: 1068979. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1068979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.1068979

Kadashetti V, Shivakumar KM, Choudhary M, Patil S, Gawande M. Awareness and Knowledge of Tobacco Associated Risk of Development of Oral Cancer and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders among Patients Visiting a Dental College. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020 May; 9(5): 2244-7. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_181_20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_181_20

Sassi LM, Guebur MI, Melzer RS, Dissenha JL, Schussel JL, Zanferrari F et al. Smoking as a Risk Factor for Oral Cancer and 30 Years of Prevention Campaigns in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Health Review. 2024 Jul; 7(4): e71268-. doi: 10.34119/bjhrv7n4-091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv7n4-091

Ghasemian A, Sargeran K, Khami MR, Shamshiri AR. Effects of Educational Interventions Based On the Theory of Planned Behavior On Oral Cancer-Related Knowledge and Tobacco Smoking in Adults: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. BioMed Central cancer. 2024 Jan; 24(1): 45. doi: 10.1186/s12885-024-11845-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-11845-2

Amarasinghe H, Rathnapriya M, Abeysundara A, Jayaweera S, Jayathilake A, Jayasinghe R. Assessment of the Oral Cancer Control Activities Through Care Seeking Behavior of Hospital Attendees and Their Level of Awareness. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2021 Oct; 11(4): 536-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.07.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.07.009

Das H and Motghare S. India as “The Oral Cancer Capital of the World”: The Rising Burden of Oral Malignancies Across the Nation. International Journal of Science and Health Research. 2021; 6: 99-107. doi: 10.52403/ijshr.20210419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20210419

Srivastava R, Jyoti B, Pradhan D, Siddiqui Z. Prevalence of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in Patients Visiting Dental OPD of A Dental College in Kanpur: A Demographic Study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2019 Aug; 8(8): 2612-7. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_465_19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_465_19

Sun R, Dou W, Liu W, Li J, Han X, Li S et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Oral Cancer and Its Attributable Risk Factors from 1990 to 2019. Cancer Medicine. 2023 Jun; 12(12): 13811-20. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.6025

Barsouk A, Aluru JS, Rawla P, Saginala K, Barsouk A. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, And Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Medical Sciences. 2023 Jun; 11(2): 42. doi: 10.3390/medsci11020042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci11020042