Differentiation and TNM staging of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Differentiation and TNM staging of Oral Squamous

Shahida Perveen; Imrana Tanvir; Kashifa Ehsan; Hina Asif

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.19

Authors

Shahida Perveen Department of Pathology, Continental Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
Imrana Tanvir Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Kashifa Ehsan Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Hina Asif Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v1i2.19

Keywords:

Head and neck cancer, Carcinoma, Smoking, Risk factors, Lungs

Abstract

Head and neck carcinoma has great regional distribution in sub sites with distinct anatomical and physiological variation. Alcohol consumption, excessive smoking and hematopoetic stem cell transplantation are common risk factors for head and neck carcinoma. Alcohol consumption & tobacco chewing has a strong relationship with the development of oral, larynx, pharynx cancers. A typical HNSCC has a superficial changes such as scaling, crusting, presence of cutaneous horn and ulceration. The stage of disease is apparent in the form of symptoms of head and neck carcinoma. Genetic alterations accumulation is source of initiation and development of carcinogenic cells. The development of HNSCC is based on many factors. Its underlying mechanism is based on the genetic and molecular changes along with repetitive injury to the epithelial layer by external stimuli. Different types of smoking such as Cigar, Pipe, Huqqa etc exist in sub-continent and smoke from these sources contain toxic agents like tar and carbon monoxide. Mouth cavity and lungs are the places where tar being sticky substance deposits and cause many respiratory and oral diseases.

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