Trends of Hepatorenal Variations in Hepatitis-C Patients Visiting THQ Level Hospital in Arifwala Punjab: Hepatorenal Variations in Hepatitis-C Patients

Atikat Ur Rahman; Muhammad Hassan  Naveed; Muhammad Amir  Iqbal; Uswa  Javed; Kaleem  Maqsood; Nabila  Roohi

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v4i04.512

Authors

Atikat Ur Rahman Institute of Zoology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Hassan Naveed King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Amir Iqbal Institute of Zoology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Uswa Javed Institute of Zoology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Kaleem Maqsood Institute of Zoology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Nabila Roohi Institute of Zoology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i04.512

Keywords:

Hepatitis-C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCV

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a source of kidney illness and liver pathogenesis such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Objective: To evaluate variations in hepatic and renal profile of hepatitis-C patients. Methods: For this purpose, blood samples of 94 participants were collected. Out of which 64 were hepatitis-C patients and 30 were healthy controls. All the participants were enlisted from Tehsil Headquarter (THQ) Hospital, Arifwala. Both males and females were included in the HCV Patients group. The serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) urea, creatinine, albumin, bilirubin, glucose and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated by chemistry analyzer. Unpaired Student “t” test was applied to analyze the data of biochemical variations in hepatitis-C patients as compared to normal persons with significance level of p ≤ 0.05. For statistical interpretation, Graph pad prism version 6.0 software was utilized. Results: Significant elevation in the levels of glucose (p = 0.0002), ALP (p = 0.01), ALT (p = 0.0009), AST (p = 0.002) and GGT (p < 0.0001), whereas, non-significant increase in the levels of creatinine (p = 0.9) and bilirubin (p = 0.51) was evidenced in hepatitis-C patients as compared to healthy controls. While, significant decrease in the level of albumin (p = 0.0008) was observed in hepatitis-C patients as compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: The fluctuations in these parameters suggest that HCV has a significant impact on hepatic health markers.

References

Dopico E, Rodriguez-Frias F, Ubillos I, Rando-Segura A, Garcia-Cehic D, Gregori J, et al. Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Genotypes and Subtypes in Migrants from Pakistan in Barcelona, Spain. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2022 Jan: 4637-44. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S367715.

Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, Muerhoff AS, Rice CM, Stapleton JT, et al. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology. 2014 Jan; 59(1): 318-27. doi: 10.1002/hep.26744.

Borgia SM, Hedskog C, Parhy B, Hyland RH, Stamm LM, Brainard DM, et al. Identification of a novel hepatitis C virus genotype from Punjab, India: expanding classification of hepatitis C virus into 8 genotypes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2018 Oct; 218(11): 1722-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy401.

Rosenthal E and Cacoub P. Extrahepatic manifestations in chronic hepatitis C virus carriers. Lupus. 2015 Apr; 24(4-5): 469-82. doi: 10.1177/0961203314556140.

Barsoum RS. Hepatitis C virus: from entry to renal injury—facts and potentials. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2007 Jul; 22(7): 1840-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm205

Simmonds P. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus–15 years on. Journal of General Virology. 2004 Nov; 85(11): 3173-88. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.80401-0

Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2007 May; 13(17): 2436. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2436.

Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. Journal of Hepatology. 2006 Oct; 45(4): 529-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.013

Jukić LV and Kralj D. Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Update on Hepatitis C. 2017 Oct; 111. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70728.

Tapper EB, Kanwal F, Asrani SK, Ho C, Ovchinsky N, Poterucha J, et al. Patient‐reported outcomes in cirrhosis: a scoping review of the literature. Hepatology. 2018 Jun; 67(6): 2375-83.

Ramos-Casals M, Stone JH, Cid MC, Bosch X. The cryoglobulinaemias. The Lancet. 2012 Jan; 379(9813): 348-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60242-0

Pawlotsky JM, Yahia MB, Andre C, Voisin MC, Intrator L, Roudot‐Thoraval F, et al. Immunological disorders in C virus chronic active hepatitis: a prospective case‐control study. Hepatology. 1994 Apr; 19(4): 841-8. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840190407.

Lunel F and Musset L. Hepatitis C virus infection and cryoglobulinemia. Journal of Hepatology. 1998 Nov; 29(5): 848-55. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80270-5.

Thomas DL and Seeff LB. Natural history of hepatitis C. Clinics in Liver Disease. 2005 Aug; 9(3): 383-98. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2005.05.003.

Wang CS, Wang ST, Yao WJ, Chang TT, Chou P. Hepatitis C virus infection and the development of type 2 diabetes in a community-based longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jul; 166(2): 196-203. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm061

Zein CO, Levy C, Basu A, Zein NN. Chronic hepatitis C and type II diabetes mellitus: a prospective cross-sectional study. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG. 2005 Jan; 100(1): 48-55.

Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, Sebastiani M, Nesti C, Barani L, et al. Type 2 diabetes in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinaemia patients. Rheumatology. 2004 Feb; 43(2): 238-40. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh011.

Liao CC, Su TC, Sung FC, Chou WH, Chen TL. Does hepatitis C virus infection increase risk for stroke? A population-based cohort study. PloS One. 2012 Feb; 7(2): e31527. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031527.

Roed T, Lebech AM, Kjaer A, Weis N. Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of coronary artery disease: a systematic review of the literature. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2012 Nov; 32(6): 421-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2012.01152.x.

Mao XR, Zhang LT, Chen H, Xiao P, Zhang YC. Possible factors affecting thyroid dysfunction in hepatitis C virus infected untreated patients. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2014 Jul; 8(1): 133-40. doi: 10.3892/etm.2014.1709.

Gill K, Ghazinian H, Manch R, Gish R. Hepatitis C virus as a systemic disease: reaching beyond the liver. Hepatology international. 2016 May; 10(3): 415-23. doi: 10.1007/s12072-015-9684-3.

Kuna L, Jakab J, Smolic R, Wu GY, Smolic M. HCV extrahepatic manifestations. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 2019 Jun; 7(2): 172. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2018.00049.

Barsoum RS, William EA, Khalil SS. Hepatitis C and kidney disease: A narrative review. Journal of Advanced Research. 2017 Mar; 8(2): 113-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.07.004.

Kumar V, Das S, Jameel S. The biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses. Current Science. 2010 Feb: 312-25.

Ferri C and Mascia MT. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2006 Jan; 18(1): 54-63. doi: 10.1097/01.bor.0000198002.42826.c2.

Dammacco F and Sansonno D. Therapy for hepatitis C virus–related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Sep; 369(11): 1035-45. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208642.

Fabrizi F, Donato FM, Messa P. Association between hepatitis C virus and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Hepatology. 2018 May; 17(3): 364-91. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0011.7382.

Khatun M and Ray RB. Mechanisms underlying hepatitis C virus-associated hepatic fibrosis. Cells. 2019 Oct; 8(10): 1249. doi: 10.3390/cells8101249.

Nagao Y and Sata M. Serum albumin and mortality risk in a hyperendemic area of HCV infection in Japan. Virology Journal. 2010 Dec; 7(1): 1-5. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-375.

Kotoh K, Nakamuta M, Fukushima M, Matsuzaki C, Enjoji M, et al. High relative fat-free mass is important for maintaining serum albumin levels in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2005 Mar; 11(9): 1356. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i9.1356.

Ashraf-Uz-Zaman M, Begum BA, Asad HB, Moutoshi SS, Nasiruddin M. Biochemical parameters in common viral hepatitis. Journal of Medicine. 2010; 11(1): 42-5. doi: 10.3329/jom.v11i1.4268

Anand BS and Velez M. Assessment of correlation between serum titers of hepatitis C virus and severity of liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2004 Aug; 10(16): 2409. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i16.2409.

Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Dore GJ. Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2013 Sep; 10(9): 553-62. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.107.

Mohasin M, Nila TA, Tushy TS, Keya KN, Haque ME. Correlation of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis C viral RNA levels in Bangladeshi hepatitis patients. Bioresearch Communications-(BRC). 2019; 5(1): 678-83.

Hajarizadeh B, Lamoury FM, Feld JJ, Amin J, Keoshkerian E, Matthews GV, et al. Alanine aminotransferase, HCV RNA levels and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines/chemokines during acute hepatitis C virus infection. Virology Journal. 2016 Dec; 13(1): 1-0. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0482-x

Thamer C, Tschritter O, Haap M, Shirkavand F, Machann J, Fritsche A, et al., Elevated serum GGT concentrations predict reduced insulin sensitivity and increased intrahepatic lipids. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2005 Apr; 37(04): 246-51. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-861411

Aal EA, Omar N, Zaghla H, El-Latif H, Ehsan T, Basiuni AA. Role of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Tanta Medical Journal. 2007 Apr; (35 Supp.): 399-406.

Asaduzzaman M, Bappy SR, Fatema B, Haque S, Islam MJ, Sikder A, et al. Effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on hemoglobin, blood cells and random blood glucose levels among serologically positive HCV patients. IOSR-JNHS. 2017; 6(5): 41-5. doi: 10.9790/1959-0605014145

Dalrymple LS, Koepsell T, Sampson J, Louie T, Dominitz JA, Young B, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and the prevalence of renal insufficiency. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2007 Jul; 2(4): 715-21. doi: 10.2215/CJN.00470107.

Ijaz B, Ahmad W, Javed FT, Gull S, Sarwar MT, Kausar H, et al. Association of laboratory parameters with viral factors in patients with hepatitis C. Virology Journal. 2011 Dec; 8(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-361.