Assessment of Pain and Functional Outcomes in Individuals with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Pain and Functional Outcomes in Individuals with Patellofemoral Pain

Abdul Hannan; Hafiz Muhammad Wasif; Waqas Ali; Muhammad Kashif Naseer; Yasir Mustafa; Muhammad Ali; Alishfa Zahoor; Anum Manzoor

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v5i09.2000

Authors

Abdul Hannan Department of Orthopedics, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
Hafiz Muhammad Wasif Department of Orthopedic Surgeon, Tehsil Head Quarter Hospital Pindi Bhattian, Hafizabad, Pakistan
Waqas Ali Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CMH Kharian Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Kashif Naseer Department of Emergency Orthopedic Surgery, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
Yasir Mustafa Department of Orthopedic Surgeon, Social Security Hospital Manga Mandi, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Department of Orthopedic, Mayo Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Alishfa Zahoor Department of Clinical Physiotherapist, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Anum Manzoor Department of Physiotherapy and Neurology, Senior Lecturer Gulab Devi Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i09.2000

Keywords:

Kujala Score, Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome, Knee Pain, Numeric Pain Rating Scale

Abstract

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a pathological condition of the patellofemoral joint characterized by knee pain in the peripatellar, anterior, and even retro patellar regions. Between 15% and 45% of persons in their 20s to 40s experience patellofemoral pain. Objective: To assess pain and functional outcomes in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Methods: At Mayo Hospital and the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, 87 people enrolled in this cross-sectional study using a non-probability convenience sampling technique during the period of 20^th January 2024 to 20^thJuly 2024. Both male and female patients between ages of 20 to 40 years with a positive patellar grind test were included. The numeric pain rating scale and Kujala score were used for data collection to assess pain and functional outcomes respectively. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. All qualitative variables were shown as frequency and percentages; all quantitative data were provided as Mean ± S.D. Results: Mean age of participants was 30.68 ± 5.62 years. Out of 87 participants, there were 41 (47.1%) females and 46 (52.9%) males. The mean score of the Numeric Pain Rating Scale was 6.31 ± 1.56 and the Kujala score was 46.37 ± 10.36. Out of 87 participants, 6 (6.9%) had mild pain, 62 (71.3%) had moderate pain and 19 (21.8%) had severe pain. The NPRS and Kujala Score have a very weak correlation of 0.049 with a p-value of 0.655. Conclusion: It was concluded that this study had a significant impact of patellofemoral pain syndrome on pain and functional outcomes in affected individuals.

References

Martinelli N, Bergamini AN, Burssens A, Toschi F, Kerkhoffs GM, Victor J et al. Does the foot and ankle alignment impact the patellofemoral pain syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022 Apr; 11(8): 2245. doi: 10.3390/jcm11082245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082245

Kovats MA, Ram MA, Jones MD, Booth AP, Gibbs DM, Thom AP. Painful Vs Non-Painful Exercise On Crepitus in People With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Mixed-Methods Analysis. Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology. 2024 May; 13(s2): 477-. doi: 10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.477

Butt A, Niazi R, Jamil A, Mehrvi N. Prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome in females and its impact on daily activities. Rawal Medical Journal. 2022 May; 47(2): 385.

Simon M. The Pain Experience in Individuals Suffering from Patellofemoral Pain: A Mixed Methods Study. The University of Toledo. 2021 May.

Fick CN, Jiménez-Silva R, Sheehan FT, Grant C. Patellofemoral kinematics in patellofemoral pain syndrome: The influence of demographic factors. Journal of Biomechanics. 2022 Jan ;130: 110819. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110819

Tramontano M, Pagnotta S, Lunghi C, Manzo C, Manzo F, Consolo S et al. Assessment and management of somatic dysfunctions in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2020 Mar; 120(3): 165-73. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2020.029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2020.029

Ward K. Foundations for Clinical Assessment in Sports and Exercise Therapy. In Routledge Handbook of Sports and Exercise Therapy: Routledge. 361-506. doi: 10.4324/9781003152170-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003152170-7

Payne K, Payne J, Larkin TA. Patellofemoral pain syndrome and pain severity is associated with asymmetry of gluteus medius muscle activation measured via ultrasound. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2020 Jul; 99(7): 595-601. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001367

Glaviano NR, Bazett-Jones DM, Boling MC. Pain severity during functional activities in individuals with patellofemoral pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2022 May; 25(5): 399-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.01.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.01.004

Yalfani A, Ahadi F, Ahmadi M, Asgarpoor A. Relationship between exacerbating patellofemoral pain and dynamic knee valgus in females with patellofemoral pain after a patellofemoral joint loading protocol: A cross-sectional. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2024 May; 67: 13-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.02.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.02.003

Mostafaee N, Pashaei-Marandi M, Negahban H, Pirayeh N, Saki Malehi A, Ebrahimzadeh MH. Examining the diagnostic accuracy of common physical examination and functional tests in the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome among patients with anterior knee pain. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2024 Apr; 40(4): 843-55. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2158053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2022.2158053

Yang JS, Fredericson M, Choi JH. The effect of patellofemoral pain syndrome on patellofemoral joint kinematics under upright weight-bearing conditions. PLoS One. 2020 Sep; 15(9): e0239907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239907

Casalini A, Morganti D, Salvemini AM. Diagnostic criteria for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a scoping review protocol. MedRxiv. 2023 Mar; :2023-03. doi: 10.1101/2023.03.25.23287736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.25.23287736

Sisk D and Fredericson M. Update of risk factors, diagnosis, and management of patellofemoral pain. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2019 Dec; 12: 534-41. doi: 10.1007/s12178-019-09593-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-019-09593-z

Da Silva Boitrago MV, de Mello NN, Barin FR, Júnior PL, de Souza Borges JH, Oliveira M. Effects of proprioceptive exercises and strengthening on pain and functionality for patellofemoral pain syndrome in women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 Jul; 18: 94-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.04.017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2021.04.017

Mikaili S, Kalantari KK, Zavieh MK, Daryabor A, Rezaei M, Baghban AA. Effect of strengthening exercises in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 2024 Jan; 31(1): 1-2. doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2023.0004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2023.0004

Mustamsir E, Phatama KY, Pratianto A, Pradana AS, Sukmajaya WP, Pandiangan RA et al. Validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Kujala score for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Orthopaedic journal of Sports Medicine. 2020 May; 8(5): 2325967120922943. doi: 10.1177/2325967120922943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120922943

Greaves H, Comfort P, Liu A, Herrington L, Jones R. How effective is an evidence-based exercise intervention in individuals with patellofemoral pain?. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2021 Sep; 51: 92-101. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.013

Yañez-Álvarez A, Bermúdez-Pulgarín B, Hernández-Sánchez S, Albornoz-Cabello M. Effects of exercise combined with whole body vibration in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomised-controlled clinical trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020 Dec; 21: 1-1. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03599-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03599-2

Prieto-García LF, Cortés-Reyes E, Lara-Cotacio G, Rodríguez-Corredor LC. Therapeutic effect of two muscle strengthening programs in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina. 2021 Jun; 69(2). doi: 10.15446/revfacmed.v69n2.85599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v69n2.85599

Sanchis GJ, Barbosa JV, Cavalcanti RL, Bezerra JP, Santos ML, Guedes TS et al. Patellofemoral pain syndrome in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Plos One. 2024 Apr; 19(4): e0300683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300683

Jayaseelan DJ, Holshouser C, McMurray MW. Functional joint mobilizations for patellofemoral pain syndrome: A clinical suggestion. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2020 Aug; 15(4): 643. doi: 10.26603/ijspt2020064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt2020064