Causes and Precaution of Breast Cancer Among Women

Causes and Precaution of Breast Cancer

Authors

  • Muhammad Roman Al Ala Durrani Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of Sciences and Technology Bannu, P
  • Muhammad Imran Khan Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of Sciences and Technology Bannu,
  • Syed Yawer Ali Shah Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of Sciences and Technology Bannu,
  • Muhammad Jamil Center of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
  • Alamgir Khan Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.363

Keywords:

Causes, Precaution, Breast, Cancer, Women

Abstract

Cancer is one of the severe health problems recognized around the globe.  As a primary health concern, causes and precautionary measures are still unknown to the public. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the available literature to unpin the causes and precautionary measures of breast cancers among women. The available literature indicates that heredity, ageing, obesity, alcohol use, smoking, radiation exposure and hormone replacement therapy are the common causes of breast cancer among women. The literature also suggests that avoiding the use of alcohol, smoking, physical inactivity, maintaining weight, limiting postmenopausal hormone therapy etc., are the best precautionary measures for consumers among women.  

References

Hunter CP. Epidemiology, stage at diagnosis, and tumor biology of breast carcinoma in multiracial and multiethnic populations. Cancer. 2000 Mar; 88(S5): 1193-202. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88: 5+%3C1193: : AID-CNCR3%3E3.0.CO; 2-D

Javed S, Umaz Mehmood Rj, Ibrahim S, Ahmed A, Khan A. Clinico-Pathological Profile of Breast Cancer Patients Presented to Mayo Hospital, Lahore.Hunter CP. Epidemiology, stage at diagnosis, and tumor biology of breast carcinoma in multiracial and multiethnic populations. Cancer. 2000 Mar; 88(S5): 1193-202. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88: 5+%3C1193: : AID-CNCR3%3E3.0.CO; 2-D

Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Wright LB, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. Smoking and risk of breast cancer in the Generations Study cohort. Breast Cancer Research. 2017 Dec; 19(1): 1-4. doi: 10.1186/s13058-017-0908-4

Bjerkaas E, Parajuli R, Weiderpass E, Engeland A, Maskarinec G, Selmer R, et al. Smoking duration before first childbirth: an emerging risk factor for breast cancer? Results from 302,865 Norwegian women. Cancer Causes & Control. 2013 Jul; 24(7): 1347-56. doi: 10.1007/s10552-013-0213-1

Macacu A, Autier P, Boniol M, Boyle P. Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2015 Nov; 154(2): 213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10549-015-3628-4

Alimohammadi M, Jafari-Mansoorian H, Hashemi SY, Momenabadi V, Ghasemi SM, Karimyan K. Review on the implementation of the Islamic Republic of Iran about tobacco control, based on MPOWER, in the framework convention on tobacco control by the World Health Organization. Addiction & health. 2017 Jul; 9(3): 183.

Office for National Statistics. Adult smoking habits in the UK 2016 2017. Available from https: //www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2016.

Warren GW, Kasza KA, Reid ME, Cummings KM, Marshall JR. Smoking at diagnosis and survival in cancer patients. International journal of cancer. 2013 Jan; 132(2): 401-10. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27617

Hemminki K and Czene K. Age specific and attributable risks of familial prostate carcinoma from the family‐cancer database. Cancer. 2002 Sep; 95(6): 1346-53. doi: 10.1002/cncr.10819

Marcus JN, Watson P, Page DL, Narod SA, Lenoir GM, Tonin P, Linder‐Stephenson L, Salerno G, Conway TA, Lynch HT. Hereditary breast cancer: pathobiology, prognosis, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene linkage. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 1996 Feb; 77(4): 697-709. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960215)77: 4%3C697: : AID-CNCR16%3E3.0.CO; 2-W

Cao A, Huang L, Shao Z. The preventive intervention of hereditary breast cancer. Translational Research in Breast Cancer. 2017: 41-57. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_3

Easton DF, Bishop DT, Ford D, Crockford GP. Genetic linkage analysis in familial breast and ovarian cancer: results from 214 families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. American journal of human genetics. 1993 Apr; 52(4): 678.

Cancer Research UK. Family history of breast cancer and inherited genes. Available from https: //www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/family-history-and-inherited-genes

Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2007 Jan; 57(1): 43-66. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.57.1.43

Prakash R. Physical inactivity a leading cause of disease and disability, warns WHO. WHO. World Health Organization. 2002 Apr; 4. Available from https: //www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2002-physical-inactivity-a-leading-cause-of-disease-and-disability-warns-who

Pizot C, Boniol M, Mullie P, Koechlin A, Boniol M, Boyle P, et al. Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Cancer. 2016 Jan; 52: 138-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.063

Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Holmes MD, Willett WC. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Archives of internal medicine. 2010 Oct; 170(19): 1758-64. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.363

Fournier A, Dos Santos G, Guillas G, Bertsch J, Duclos M, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. Recent recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in the E3N cohort. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2014 Sep; 23(9): 1893-902. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0150

Physical Activity and Cancer Risk. Cancer. 2019. Available from https: //www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/prevention-and-healthy-living/physical-activity-and-cancer-risk

National Cancer Institute. 2019 Mar. Available https: //www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation

Cancer Research UK. Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increase cancer risk?. Available https: //www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk

Vincent A and Teede H. Women at midlife. Living life loving life young & old. 2014: 58-80.

Watkins ES. The estrogen elixir: a history of hormone replacement therapy in America. JHU Press; 2007 Apr. doi: 10.1353/book.3320

Obeagu EI and Obeagu GU. A review on haematological profile in menstruating, premenopausal and menopausal women. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2016; 3(11): 92-108. doi: 10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.11.011

Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Annals of internal medicine. 1993 Oct ; 119(7): 655-60. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00006

Xu S and Xue Y. Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2016 Jan; 11(1): 15-20. doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2853

National cancer center. Obesity and Cancer. Available https: //www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet

Wolin KY, Carson K, Colditz GA. Obesity and cancer. The oncologist. 2010 Jun; 15(6): 556-65. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0285

American Collage of Radiology. The Relationship Between Obesity and Cancer. Available https: //www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2016/10/06/10/05/the-relationship-between-obesity-and-cancer

Vucenik I and Stains JP. Obesity and cancer risk: evidence, mechanisms, and recommendations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2012 Oct; 1271(1): 37-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06750.x

Downloads

Published

2022-12-31
CITATION
DOI: 10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.363
Published: 2022-12-31

How to Cite

Roman Al Ala Durrani, M. ., Imran Khan, M. ., Yawer Ali Shah, S. ., Jamil, M. ., Khan, A. ., & Zafar Iqbal Butt, M. . (2022). Causes and Precaution of Breast Cancer Among Women: Causes and Precaution of Breast Cancer. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 3(07), 240–243. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.363

Plaudit

Most read articles by the same author(s)