Prevalence of Typhoid Fever among Different Socio-Demographic Groups in District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan: Prevalence of Typhoid Fever

Abir Ishtiaq; Sidra Khalil; Samina Khalil; Farhan Ahmed; Bilal Ahmad; Abdul Ghaffar; Muhammad Khalid; Sheikh Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Imran

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v4i11.1063

Authors

Abir Ishtiaq Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
Sidra Khalil Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
Samina Khalil School of Chemistry, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Farhan Ahmed CMH Multan Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan, Pakistan
Bilal Ahmad Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
Abdul Ghaffar Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Muhammad Khalid Department of Zoology, Govt Graduate Millat College Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Sheikh Muhammad Azam Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Imran Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i11.1063

Keywords:

Prevalence, Salmonella typhi, Socio-demography, Typhoid fever, Water sources

Abstract

Typhoid is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium Salmonella typhi and this bacterium spreads so fast in non-hygienic conditions. This disease is abundantly found in areas where hygienic conditions are poor. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of typhoid among different socio-demographic groups and gender from the populace of different tehsils of district Bahawalnagar (Pakistan). Methods: The blood samples of suspected patients were collected from the suspected patients belonging various tehsils of Bahawalnagar (Pakistan) during April to July, 2022. Diagnostic test IgG/IgM was performed using test kit. A questionnaire was also used to collect information from all the suspects with questions related to age, gender, month, socioeconomic status, area, source of water for drinking purpose, and source of food. Results: Results showed 66.39% positive cases for S. typhi from a total of 360 suspected patients with apparent symptoms of typhoid fever belonged to various regions of district Bahawalnagar (Pakistan). Significant difference was found in gender-based data, showing significantly (p<0.05) higher occurrence of typhoid fever in females (51.46%) than males (48.54%). Population consuming homemade food was significantly (p<0.05) most affected with the S. typhi. Conclusions: Higher prevalence of typhoid fever was recorded in the females of district Bahawalnagar (Pakistan). An alarming percentage (54.07%) of positive cases for typhoid fever among the populace was also found, consuming water from the local water-filtration-plants of the studied region.

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